Jim Corbett - Wikipedia. Edward James Corbett. CIEVD (2. 5 July 1. April 1. 95. 5) was a British- Indian hunter and tracker- turned- conservationist, author and naturalist, who hunted a large number of man- eatingtigers and leopards in India. Corbett held the rank of colonel in the British Indian Army and was frequently called upon by the government of the United Provinces, now the Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand, to kill man- eating tigers and leopards that were preying on people in the nearby villages of the Garhwal and Kumaon regions.

He authored Man- Eaters of Kumaon, Jungle Lore, and other books recounting his hunts and experiences, which enjoyed critical acclaim and commercial success. Later on in life, Corbett became an avid photographer and spoke out for the need to protect India's wildlife from extermination and played a key role in creating a national reserve for the endangered Bengal tiger, by using his influence to persuade the provincial government to establish what was called Hailey National Park.

In 1. 95. 7, the park was renamed Jim Corbett National Park in his honour. Early life[edit]Corbett was born of Irish ancestry in the town of Nainital in the Kumaon of the Himalaya (now in the Indian state of Uttarakhand). He grew up in a large family of sixteen children and was the eighth child of Christopher William Corbett and his wife Mary Jane (née Prussia) who had previously married Dr Charles James Doyle of Agra, who died at Etawah in 1. His parents had moved to Nainital in 1. Christopher Corbett had quit military service and been appointed the town's postmaster.[2] In winters the family used to move to the foothills, where they owned a cottage named 'Arundel' in Chhoti Haldwani or "Corbett's Village" - now known as Kaladhungi. Mary Jane was very influential in Nainital social life among Europeans and she became a kind of real estate agent for European settlers.[3] Christopher William retired from the position of postmaster in 1. He died a few weeks after a heart attack on 2.

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April 1. 88. 1. Jim was then aged six and his eldest brother Tom took over as postmaster of Nainital. From a very early age Jim was fascinated by the forests and wildlife around his home in Kaladhungi. Through frequent excursions he learned to identify most animals and birds by their calls. Over time he became a good tracker and hunter. He studied at Oak Openings School, which merged with Philander Smith College in Nainital (later known as Halett War School, and now known as Birla Vidya Mandir, Nainital). Before he was nineteen he quit school and found employment with the Bengal and North Western Railway, initially working as a fuel inspector at Manakpur in the Punjab, and subsequently as a contractor for the trans- shipment of goods across the Ganges at Mokameh Ghat in Bihar.[4]Hunting man- eating tigers and leopards[edit]During his life Corbett tracked and shot a number of leopards and tigers, though only about a dozen were actually well documented man- eaters.

Corbett provided estimates of human casualties in his books, including Man- Eaters of Kumaon,The Man- Eating Leopard of Rudraprayag, and The Temple Tiger, and More Man- Eaters of Kumaon. Calculating the totals from these accounts, these big cats had killed more than 1,2. Corbett. There are some discrepancies in the official human death tolls that the British and Indian governments have on record and Corbett's estimates.

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The first designated man- eating tiger he killed, the Champawat Tiger, was responsible for 4. Though most of his kills were tigers, Corbett successfully killed at least two man- eating leopards. The first was the Panar Leopard in 1. The second was the man- eating Leopard of Rudraprayag in 1. Hindu shrines Kedarnath and Badrinath for more than eight years, and was said to be responsible for more than 1.

Other notable man- eaters he killed were the Talla- Des man- eater, the Mohan man- eater, the Thak man- eater, the Muktesar man- eater and the Chowgarh tigress. Analysis of carcasses, skulls and preserved remains show that most of the man- eaters were suffering from disease or wounds, such as porcupine quills embedded deep in the skin or gunshot wounds that had not healed, like that of the Muktesar Man- Eater. The Thak man- eating tigress, when skinned by Corbett, revealed two old gunshot wounds; one in her shoulder had become septic, and could have been the reason for the tigress's having turned man- eater, Corbett suggested. In the foreword of Man Eaters of Kumaon, Corbett writes: The wound that has caused a particular tiger to take to man- eating might be the result of a carelessly fired shot and failure to follow up and recover the wounded animal, or be the result of the tiger having lost his temper while killing a porcupine.

Corbett preferred to hunt alone and on foot when pursuing dangerous game. He often hunted with Robin, a small dog he wrote about in Man- Eaters of Kumaon.[6]Hunter turned conservationist[edit]Corbett bought his first camera in the late 1. Frederick Walter Champion, started to record tigers on cine film.[6] Although he had an intimate knowledge of the jungle, it was a demanding task to obtain good pictures, as the animals were exceedingly shy. It is widely believed that Corbett did not kill a tiger without confirmation of its killing people.[7] However, Corbett killed the unusually large and most widely sought after Bachelor of Powalgarh even though this tiger had never killed a human.[8]Corbett took to lecturing groups of schoolchildren about their natural heritage and the need to conserve forests and their wildlife.[citation needed] He promoted the foundation of the Association for the Preservation of Game in the United Provinces and the All- India Conference for the Preservation of Wildlife.[citation needed] Together with Champion he played a key role in establishing India's first national park in the Kumaon Hills, the Hailey National Park, initially named after Lord Malcolm Hailey. The park was renamed in Corbett's honour in 1.

Corbett deeply empathized with the poor living in and around the Corbett village or Kaladhoongi in the United Province (now Uttrakhand).[citation needed] As a railway contractor he employed scores of Indians at Mokameh Ghat.[citation needed] While dedicating his book My India to ".. India", he writes "It is of these people, who are admittedly poor, and who are often described as 'India's starving millions', among whom I have lived and whom I love, that I shall endeavor to tell in the pages of this book, which I humbly dedicate to my friends, the poor of India."Retiring in Kenya[edit]Jim Corbett resided in the Gurney House along with his sister Maggie Corbett. They sold the house to Mrs. Kalavati Varma, before leaving for Kenya in November 1. The house has been transformed into a museum and is known as the Jim Corbett Museum. After 1. 94. 7, Corbett and his sister Maggie retired to Nyeri, Kenya,[9] where he continued to write and sound the alarm about declining numbers of wild cats and other wildlife. Corbett was at the Tree Tops, a hut built on the branches of a giant ficus tree, when Princess Elizabeth stayed there on 5–6 February 1.

King George VI. Corbett wrote in the hotel's visitors' register: For the first time in the history of the world, a young girl climbed into a tree one day a Princess, and after having what she described as her most thrilling experience, she climbed down from the tree the next day a Queen—God bless her. Corbett died of a heart attack a few days after he finished his sixth book, Tree Tops, and was buried at St. Peter's Anglican Church in Nyeri. His memories were kept intact in the form of the meeting place Moti House, which Corbett had built for his friend Moti Singh, and the Corbett Wall, a long wall (approximately 4. Man- eaters of Kumaon was a great success in India, the United Kingdom and the United States, the first edition of the American Book- of- the- Month Club being 2. It was later translated into 2.

Of Cats: Siberian Tiger. The largest wild cat in the world, Siberian Tiger is also one of the most endangered. Also known as Amur Tiger, Altaic Tiger, Korean Tiger, Manchurian Tiger and North China Tiger on the basis of its geographical distribution, it is one of the most majestic and largest felines to have ever lived. Slightly taller than the average Bengal Tiger, the Amur Tiger stands nearly four feet tall.

Weight is in the range of 4. Body length is between six to eight feet, excluding the meter long tail.

Overall the great cat is known to grow up to thirteen feet long from tip of nose to tip of tail. The physical makeup of the Siberian Tiger is an adaptation to its harsh habitat in the Russian Far East. The coat is thick and insulated by a layer of fat underneath on flanks and belly, in protection against the unforgiving Siberian winter. Fur grows longer and denser than the other tiger subspecies in winter months. Coat color is whiter in comparison to other tigers, possibly to aid in camouflage against the snow. Watch The Cowboy Way Download. Stripes are also less pronounced, particularly on limbs where they are absent on the outer surface of front legs.

Coloration of skin and stripes is lighter, being golden and brown respectively. Paws are also padded with fur, to enable the big cat to tread comfortably on its snowy terrain. Residing in the Conifer and Broadleaf forests east of the Amur River, the Siberian Tigers are solitary cats that enjoy a relatively undisturbed ecosystem devoid in large parts of human activity. Occupying huge territories of up to four thousand square miles, these Amur Tigers are often on the move, covering large distances in search of prey in their isolated wilderness. One Siberian Tiger was once recorded to cover over six hundred miles in the space of three weeks in search of food. The great cat hunts a variety of animals including moose, roe deer, sika deer, musk deer and goral, though red deer and wild boar form the bulk of its diet.

Opportunistic predators, the tigers are known to take smaller prey like rabbits, hares, pikas and fish (usually salmon) at times. At times conflict occurs even with the Great Russian Brown Bear, though tiger predation upon bears in usually restricted to females, subadult and hibernating animals.

On occasion the Asiatic Black Bear is hunted by the tiger. The cunning cat is known to imitate black bear sounds to attract and hunt them.

Even resilient pack animals such as wolves have been nearly exterminated by the tigers. A stalk and ambush predator, the Amur Tiger despite its great power still only succeeds in ten to fifteen percent of hunting attempts. The cat prefers to creep up to ten to twenty five meters of the prey animal before rushing and pouncing upon it, moving at speeds of up to 8.

Smaller prey animals are killed by a bite on the nape of neck that breaks the vertebrae and severs the spinal cord. Larger game is brought down by a bite on front of the neck that crushes the windpipe and suffocates the prey. Needing around twenty pounds of meat daily to survive in the wild, the tiger can consume about sixty to hundred pounds in one setting.

The kill is often cached, usually near a water body and the cat has been known to return to carcasses to complete its feed. The Siberian Tiger inhabits the Boreal forests in Far Eastern Asia, residing largely in Russia but also reported in China and North Korea. Watch Four Lions Mediafire. Panthera Tigris Altaica, it is seen largely in the Amur- Ussuri region of Primorsky and Khabarovsky Krai. Its range has shrunk drastically in the past hundred years and is now a mere fraction of its past domain. The tigers are known to mate at any time during the year.

The receptive female advertises her presence by leaving urine and scratch markings on trees. She is in estrus typically for three to seven days during which the pair mates several times. Like all big cats, the courting individuals focus less on hunting during this time and are particularly hostile to any intruders. Up to six cubs are born after a pregnancy lasting between three to three and a half months, though three to four is the average litter size. Blind and helpless they are sheltered in a den by the ever watchful mother who seldom leaves them during the early weeks, going out only for hunting.

The young open their eyes at two weeks and begin to venture outside at around three months. They are weaned off at around six months and begin to accompany their mother at her hunting trips at this age. Small prey is successfully taken down by the cubs at less than one year of age, and large prey at twice that age.

They stay with their mother at up until three to five years of age after which they begin to venture and establish their territories and fend for themselves. Males generally move farther away from their realm, making them easier targets for poachers. As a result adult male tigers are outnumbered by females three to one on average. Lifespan is known to be up to twenty five years.

Amur Tigers were freely hunted in the early part of this century, bringing them to near extinction in most territories. In 1. 94. 7 hunting was outlawed in the former Soviet Union. Still the tiger continued to suffer at the hands of poachers who made heavy profits by selling the body parts to Chinese traditional medicine makers, earning up to fifty thousand dollars with one tiger. The collapse of Soviet Union accompanied with the breakdown of law and order infrastructure had a particularly adverse impact on the tiger population whereby nearly sixty tigers were reputedly killed yearly by poachers in the few years following 1. In 1. 99. 2, The Siberian Tiger Project was founded. This marked the beginning of a turn around in the fate of tiger. In 1. 99. 3, Chinese Government declared the use of tiger parts for medicinal purposes to be illegal.

In the following years, vigilant monitoring and study resulted in the stabilization of tiger numbers in the wild. Regular patrols were undertaken to deter the poachers and individual tigers were studied to better understand the subspecies and reduce its mortality in its natural habitat. Another successful step was launching of Operation Amba in Russia that continues to protect the Siberian Tigers through collaboration of law enforcement agencies and interaction with local people. Its mission is to neutralize tiger traders and attack and eliminate poaching rings.

It has been largely successful in seizing many poaching materials and saving a number of tiger cubs. As a result of these tireless efforts of forest rangers and scientists, today the population of Siberian Tigers in the wild is believed to be around five hundred individuals and this is merely the number in Russia. In fact the Siberian Tiger is the only tiger subspecies whose population is believed to be on the increase. The impressive recovery of the Siberian Tiger is often used as a model plan to save other species. Hundreds of Amur Tigers exist in captivity around the world. The captive bred tigers are thought to have even greater genetic diversity than their wild cousins. In general the captive breeding of Siberian Tigers has been very successful.

One breeding centre in China plans to release 6. Watch How The West Was Won Dailymotion here. The Siberian Tiger still needs our dedicated monitoring. Building of new roads and logging is having an adverse impact on the tiger numbers and the fragile ecosystem requires continuous surveillance to boost the number of tigers and ungulates in the woods of Siberia. The magnificent cat is still listed as Critically Endangered by International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.